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História

Pulau Enggano

A piece of Paradise

Publicado em 09-10-2023

(in Portuguese, scroll down, please)

 

Pulau Enggano…

Or the island of Engano… One of the most curious island names, another of the hallmarks of “Endless Portugal” …

But no, it's not a mistake. It's the island “Enggano”, in Indonesia, c. 60 nautical miles off the southwest coast of Sumatra, in Bengkulu province. It has C. 32 km long and c. 16 wide, c. 400 km2 of surface. The population is c. 4,100 inhabitants, of which the indigenous people, the “Engganeses”, are c—1500, with its language and culture. The remaining population is of Javanese origin or other ethnicities from Sumatra.

An Italian traveller, Elio Modigliani, who visited the island in 1891, also called it the “Island of Women”, perhaps because they assumed a social preponderance within the genre of matriarchal societies of western Sumatra and adjacent islands in the Minangkabau tradition.

Marco Polo is believed to have been the first person to record the existence of Enggano Island when he returned to Venice after 24 years in Asia in 1292. However, he was almost certainly not in Enggano as he sailed through the Malacca Straits towards the Northwest of Sumatra, on the outskirts of present-day Banda Aceh, a beautiful city. In 1345, that is, 53 years after Marco Polo, the explorer and geographer of Moroccan origin Ibn Battuta also pointed out the existence of a "Naked Island" in the south of the Island of Sumatra, which has some possible correspondence with Enggano. But it could be Krakatau, Sebuku, Sebesi, Sertung, and some of the islands in the Sunda Strait (between Java and Sumatra). It is not known whether both travellers even disembarked on Enggano Island.

From an etymological point of view, “Enggano” almost certainly derives from the Portuguese term “engano”, which all Portuguese speakers know. There are ancient records in Indonesia of European sailors disembarking on Enggano Island. The first were Portuguese sailors under the leadership of an enigmatic “Álvaro Talesso” or “Alonzo Talesso”, as he is referred to, but without confirmation to this day. We still haven't figured out who the character would be; the spelling of the patronymic seems twisted and incorrect, just as “Alonzo” also raises questions. In 1506, the ship under the orders of this sailor(s) was hit by a storm, which threw them for rescue and retention on the so-called Enggano Island. The disappointment at what they saw on the island and the lack of wealth could be the origin of the toponym.

The toponymy spread across the tongues of Portuguese merchants and adventurers, of some seafaring men, became fixed and spelt, even though it gained a G… and sometimes a second N. On June 5, 1596, a Dutch expedition under the leadership of the expeditious navigator (and spy in Portugal, with his brother Frederick) Cornelis de Houtman was recorded as having landed on Enggano Island. Houtman's trip was probably to inspect the rugged western coast of Sumatra as a chance to avoid the Strait of Malacca, controlled by the Portuguese, which the Dutch avoided at all costs. But it turned out to be a mistake, as this route (sea route) was dangerous and windy along the west coast of the large island of Sumatra.

From 1596 to 1771, according to Indonesian historiography, no European was continuously present on Enggano Island. Although the Dutch carried out an expedition from Batavia (now Jakarta) in 1645, Enggano Island was one of the islands they abandoned without colonisation projects or mere exploration. In 1684, Enggano Island even came under British rule when they managed to capture Bengkulu (the capital of the province where Enggano is located) from the Dutch.

The first news of the existence of the indigenous people of Enggano appeared in the travel diary of a British sailor, Charles Miller, who sailed from Bengkulu to Enggano Island in 1771. On this trip, Miller managed to disembark and meet the indigenous population.

“With great difficulty and danger, we defeated the whole of its southwestern side without finding any place where we could attempt to land; and we lost two anchors and were nearly wrecked before we found a safe place to launch the ship. At last, however, we discovered a spacious harbour at the island's southeast end. I immediately entered it by boat and ordered the ship to follow me as quickly as possible, as it was completely calm. We rowed directly into this bay; and as soon as we rounded the point of an island lying off the harbour, we discovered the whole beach covered with naked savages, all armed with spears and maces, and twelve canoes, all full of those who, until we passed them, remained hidden, immediately advancing upon me, making a horrible noise: this, as is supposed, greatly alarmed us; and as I had only one European and four black soldiers, in addition to the four “lascars” (soldiers of Indian origin in the service of the English) who rowed the boat, I thought it best to turn around, if possible under the ship's cannons, before leaving. venture to talk to them.”

The "noble savages" of Enggano, its natural, matriarchal, atheistic, property-sharing culture, impressed Miller:

“They are tall, well-built people; men are generally about six feet or even two meters tall; women are shorter and more awkwardly built. They are red and have straight black hair, which the men cut short, but the women grow long and curled in a circle on the top of the head with great care. The men go completely naked, and the women wear a very narrow strip of banana leaf.”

The island did not receive much attention from Dutch colonisers until Indonesia's independence in 1945-1949. It is one of the peripheral and isolated regions of the country, of the islands that in Indonesian are called “pulau terluar” (outlying islands, distant, isolated islands), which lives peacefully, in a pristine nature of great beauty, threatened by geology…

Enggano Island has, in fact, a history of unique, violent, geological, and seismic events. This oceanic island has a variety of beaches with different characteristics, in addition to having a wealth of endemic flora and fauna, as well as a beautiful sea. Like the other islands west of Sumatra, from Weh, passing through the archipelagos of Nias, Batu or Mentawai, it is only known to surfers, windsurfers, naturalists, and some Indonesians. But it's worth it!

We will return to these places of the “Endless Portugal”.

 

Credits:

Creative Commons CC BY-SA 1.0

@fianbkl "Batu Lubang Pantai Koomang Yang Airnya Sejernih Kaca"

@Anjungan Enggano Island "Pantai pasir putih Pulau Enggano"

 

Pulau Enggano…

Ou a ilha do Engano… Um dos nomes de ilhas mais curiosos, outra das marcas do “Portugal sem fim”…

Mas não, não é engano, é mesmo a ilha “Enggano”, na Indonésia, a c. de 60 milhas náuticas da costa sudoeste de Sumatra, na província de Bengkulu. Tem c. 32 kms de comprimento e c. 16 largura, c. 400 km2 de superfície. A população é de c. 4 100 habitantes, dos quais os autóctones, os “Engganeses”, são c. 1500, com um língua e cultura próprias. A restante população é de origem javanesa ou de outras etnias de Sumatra.

Um viajante italiano, Elio Modigliani, que visitou a ilha em 1891, chamou-a também de “Ilha das Mulheres”, talvez por estas assumirem uma preponderância social, dentro do género das sociedades matriarcais de Sumatra ocidental e ilhas adjacentes, na tradição Minangkabau.

Acredita-se que Marco Polo tenha sido a primeira pessoa a registar a existência da Ilha Enggano quando regressou a Veneza após 24 anos na Ásia, em 1292, embora quase seguramente não tenha estado em Enggano, pois navegou pelo estreito de Malaca em direcção ao Noroeste de Sumatra, nas cercanias da actual Banda Aceh, uma bela cidade. Em 1345, ou sejam 53 anos depois de Marco Polo, o explorador e geógrafo de origem marroquina Ibn Battuta também assinalou a existência de uma "Ilha Nua" no sul da Ilha de Sumatra, que tem alguma correspondência possível com Enggano. Mas poderia ser Krakatau, Sebuku, Sebesi, Sertung, algumas das ilhas do estreito de Sunda (entre Java e Sumatra). Não se sabe, de facto, se ambos viajantes terão sequer desembarcado na Ilha Enggano.

Do ponto de vista etimológico, “Enggano” deriva, quase certamente, do termo português “engano, que todos os luso-falantes conhecem. Existem registos antigos, a Indonésia, de marinheiros europeus a desembarcar na Ilha Enggano. Os primeiros foram marinheiros portugueses, sob a liderança de um enigmático “Álvaro Talesso” ou “Alonzo Talesso”, como é referenciado, mas sem confirmação até hoje. Ainda não desvendámos quem seria a personagem, a grafia do patronímico parece arrevesada e incorrecta, como igualmente o “Alonzo” suscita interrogações.  Em 1506, o navio às ordens desse(s) marinheiro(s) terá sido atingido por uma tempestade, que os atirou para um salvamento e retenção na dita Ilha Enggano. A decepção pelo que viram na ilha e a falta de riquezas, pode estar na origem do topónimo.

A toponímia, com efeito, correu as línguas dos mercadores e ventureiros portugueses, de alguns homens do mar, fixou-se e grafou-se, ainda que ganhando um G… e por vezes um segundo N. Em 5 de Junho de 1596, uma expedição holandesa sob a liderança do expedito navegador (e espião em Portugal, com seu irmão Frederick) Cornelis de Houtman foi registada como tendo desembarcado na Ilha Enggano. Provavelmente, a viagem de Houtman fora de reconhecimento da difícil costa ocidental de Sumatra, como hipótese de evitar o estreito de Malaca, controlado pelos Portugueses, que os Neerlandeses evitavam a todo o custo. Mas revelou-se um engano, por perigosa e ventosa, essa derrota (rota marítima) ao longo da costa oeste da grande ilha de Sumatra.

De 1596 a 1771, reza a historiografia indonésia, nenhum europeu esteve continuamente presente na Ilha Enggano. Embora os holandeses tenham realizado uma expedição a partir da Batávia (asctual Jacarta) em 1645, a Ilha Enggano foi uma das ilhas que abandonaram, sem projectos de colonização ou mera exploração. Em 1684, a Ilha Enggano ficaria mesmo sob domínio britânico, quando estes conseguiram capturar Bengkulu (capital da província onde se insere Enggano) aos Holandeses.

A primeira notícia da existência do povo indígena de Enggano surgiu no diário de viagem de um marinheiro britânico, Charles Miller, que navegou de Bengkulu para a Ilha Enggano em 1771. Nessa viagem, Miller conseguiu desembarcar e conhecer a população indígena.

“Com grande dificuldade e perigo, derrotámos todo o seu lado sudoeste, sem encontrar nenhum lugar onde pudéssemos tentar pousar; e perdemos duas âncoras e quase sofremos um naufrágio antes de encontrarmos um local seguro para onde poderíamos lançar o navio. Por fim, porém, descobrimos um porto espaçoso no extremo sudeste da ilha, e eu imediatamente entrei nele de barco e ordenei que o navio me seguisse o mais rápido possível, pois estava então uma calmaria total. Remámos directamente para esta baía; e assim que contornámos a ponta de uma ilha que fica ao largo do porto, descobrimos toda a praia coberta de selvagens nus, todos armados com lanças e maças; e doze canoas, todas cheias daqueles que, até passarmos por eles, permaneceram escondidos, imediatamente avançando sobre mim, fazendo um barulho horrível: isso, como se supõe, muito nos alarmou; e como eu tinha apenas um europeu e quatro soldados negros, além dos quatro “lascares” (soldados de origem indiana ao serviço dos Ingleses) que remavam o barco, achei melhor virar-me, se possível sob os canhões do navio, antes de me aventurar a falar com eles”.

Os "nobres selvagens" de Enggano, a sua cultura natural, matriarcal, ateia e de partilha de propriedades, impressionaram Miller:

“São pessoas altas e bem constituídas; os homens em geral têm cerca de um metro e oitenta ou até dois metros de altura; as mulheres são mais baixas e de constituição mais desajeitada. Eles são de cor vermelha e têm cabelos pretos e lisos, que os homens cortam curtos, mas as mulheres deixam crescer longos e enrolados em círculo no topo da cabeça com muito cuidado. Os homens andam inteiramente nus e as mulheres não usam nada além de uma tira muito estreita de folha de bananeira.”

A ilha não mereceu muita atenção dos colonizadores holandeses, até à independência da Indonésia, em 1945-1949. É uma das regiões periféricas e isoladas do país, das ilhas que em indonésio são denominadas de “pulau terluar” (outlying islands, ilhas distantes, isoladas), que vive tranquilamente, numa natureza prístina e de grande beleza, ameaçada pela geologia…

A Ilha Enggano tem, de facto, uma história de eventos geológicos, sísmicos, únicos, violentos. Esta ilha oceânica possui uma variedade de praias com características diferentes, além de possuir uma riqueza de flora e fauna endémicas, bem como um mar belíssimo. Como as demais ilhas a oeste de Sumatra, desde Weh, passando pelos arquipélagos de Nias, Batu ou Mentawai, é apenas conhecida de surfistas e windsurfistas, naturalistas e alguns indonésios. Mas vale a pena!

Voltaremos a estes lugares do Portugal sem fim.

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